45 research outputs found
Energy Efficient Network Resource Allocation Scheme for Hose Model
Given the exponential growth in telecommunication networks, more and more attention is being paid to their energy consumption. However, the often over-provisionedăwired network is still overlooked. In core networks, pairs of routers are typically connected by multiple physical cables that form one logical bundled link participating inăthe intra-domain routing protocol. To reduce the energy consumption of hose-modelănetworks with bundled cables, we propose a scheme to deactivate the maximum numberăof cables, and associated equipment, possible. A similar approach has been presentedăfor the pipe model, where the exact traffic matrix is assumed to be known. Due toătrafficăuncertainty, however, it is difficult for operators to have exact knowledge of theătraffic matrix. This traffic uncertainty can be avoided by using the hose model, whichăspecifies only the upper bounds of the egress/ingress traffic from/to a node. We introduce a mixed integer linear problem formulation that yields the optimal solution and a more practical and near optimal heuristic algorithm for large networks. Our performance evaluation results show that it offers up to 50% power reduction compared to shortest path routing.é»æ°é俥性ćŠ201
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In elastic optical networks (EONs), a major obstacle to using the spectrum resources efficiently is spectrum fragmentation. Much of the research activities in EONs focuses on finding defragmentation methods which remove the spectrum fragmentation. Among the defragmentation methods presented in the literature, hitless defragmentation has been introduced as an approach to limit the spectrum fragmentation in elastic optical networks without traffic disruption. It facilitates the accommodation of new request by creating large spectrum blocks, as it moves active lightpaths (retuning) to fill in gaps left in the spectrum by expired ones.ăNevertheless, hitless defragmentation witnesses limitations for gradual retuning with the conventionally used first fit allocation. The first fit allocation stacks all lightpaths to the lower end of the spectrum. This leads to a large number of lightpaths that need to be retuned and are subject to interfere with each other\u27s retuning. This thesis presents two schemes, which are based on hitless defragmentation, to increase the admissible traffic in EONs.ăFirstly, a route partitioning scheme for hitless defragmentation in default EONs is presented. The proposed scheme uses route partitioning with the first-last fit allocation to increase the possibilities of lightpath retuning by avoiding the retuning interference among lightpaths. The first-last fit allocation is used to set a bipartition with one partition allocated with the first fit and the second with the last fit. Lightpaths that are allocated on different partitions cannot interfere with each other. Thus the route partitioning avoids the interferences among lightpaths when retuning. The route partitioning problem is defined as an optimization problem to minimize the total interferences.ăSecondly, this thesis presents a defragmentation scheme using path exchanging in 1+1 path protected EONs. For 1+1 path protection, conventional defragmentation approaches consider designated primary and backup paths. This exposes the spectrum to fragmentations induced by the primary lightpaths, which are not to be disturbed in order to achieve hitless defragmentation. The presented path exchanging scheme exchanges the path function of the 1+1 protection with the primary toggling to the backup state while the backup becomes the primary. This allows both lightpaths to be reallocated during the defragmentation process while they work as backup, offering hitless defragmentation. Considering path exchanging, a static spectrum reallocation optimization problem that minimizes the spectrum fragmentation while limiting the number of path exchanging and reallocation operations is defined.ăFor each of the presented schemes, after the problem is defined as an optimization problem, it is then formulated as an integer linear programming problem (ILP). A decision version of each defined problem is proven NP-complete. A heuristic algorithm is then introduced for large networks, where the ILP used to represent the problem is not tractable. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes outperform the conventional ones and improve the total admissible traffic.é»æ°é俥性ćŠ201
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In elastic optical networks (EONs), a major obstacle to using the spectrum resources efficiently is spectrum fragmentation. Much of the research activities in EONs focuses on finding defragmentation methods which remove the spectrum fragmentation. Among the defragmentation methods presented in the literature, hitless defragmentation has been introduced as an approach to limit the spectrum fragmentation in elastic optical networks without traffic disruption. It facilitates the accommodation of new request by creating large spectrum blocks, as it moves active lightpaths (retuning) to fill in gaps left in the spectrum by expired ones.ăNevertheless, hitless defragmentation witnesses limitations for gradual retuning with the conventionally used first fit allocation. The first fit allocation stacks all lightpaths to the lower end of the spectrum. This leads to a large number of lightpaths that need to be retuned and are subject to interfere with each other\u27s retuning. This thesis presents two schemes, which are based on hitless defragmentation, to increase the admissible traffic in EONs.ăFirstly, a route partitioning scheme for hitless defragmentation in default EONs is presented. The proposed scheme uses route partitioning with the first-last fit allocation to increase the possibilities of lightpath retuning by avoiding the retuning interference among lightpaths. The first-last fit allocation is used to set a bipartition with one partition allocated with the first fit and the second with the last fit. Lightpaths that are allocated on different partitions cannot interfere with each other. Thus the route partitioning avoids the interferences among lightpaths when retuning. The route partitioning problem is defined as an optimization problem to minimize the total interferences.ăSecondly, this thesis presents a defragmentation scheme using path exchanging in 1+1 path protected EONs. For 1+1 path protection, conventional defragmentation approaches consider designated primary and backup paths. This exposes the spectrum to fragmentations induced by the primary lightpaths, which are not to be disturbed in order to achieve hitless defragmentation. The presented path exchanging scheme exchanges the path function of the 1+1 protection with the primary toggling to the backup state while the backup becomes the primary. This allows both lightpaths to be reallocated during the defragmentation process while they work as backup, offering hitless defragmentation. Considering path exchanging, a static spectrum reallocation optimization problem that minimizes the spectrum fragmentation while limiting the number of path exchanging and reallocation operations is defined.ăFor each of the presented schemes, after the problem is defined as an optimization problem, it is then formulated as an integer linear programming problem (ILP). A decision version of each defined problem is proven NP-complete. A heuristic algorithm is then introduced for large networks, where the ILP used to represent the problem is not tractable. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes outperform the conventional ones and improve the total admissible traffic.é»æ°é俥性ćŠ201
Flows Reduction Scheme Using Two MPLS Tags in Software-Defined Network
This paper proposes a scheme to reduce the number of flow entries permanently stored in an OpenFlow switch and the number of configuration messages from a controller in a software-defined network (SDN). In an SDN, a flow table in an OpenFlow switch is used to instruct packets. The flow table consists of flow entries decided by the controller. A flow request is sent from the OpenFlow switch to the controller if the incoming packet does not match any flow entry in the flow table. The controller\u27s central processing unit may be overloaded to handle user requests, since the user requests for different data types have been rapidly increasing. As a result, flow configuration in switches is delayed. Moreover, the control plane may be flooded by configuration messages of those requests. A scheme to permanently keep the flow entries in the switch can reduce the number of requests. However, a large number of permanent flow entries is required. Other switch features may be degraded, since there is not enough memory in the flow table to implement those features. In the proposed scheme, switches in the network are divided into multiple regions. In order to guide packets from sources to destinations, the flow table incorporating the concept of two multiprotocol label switching tags is re-designed. One tag directs a packet from a source switch to an edge switch in the destination region. The other tag directs the packet from that edge switch to another switch in the same region. A mathematical model for the proposed scheme is formulated as an integer linear programming to determine a set of switches in each region so that the total number of permanent flow entries in the network can be minimized. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed. Moreover, the proposed scheme is implemented and demonstrated via Japanese Science Information Network 5
Hydrocephalie post-meningitique du nourrisson a Dakar
Introduction LâĂ©tiologie post-infectieuse de lâhydrocĂ©phalie varie entre 7 et 48 % et reste corrĂ©lĂ©e au niveau de santĂ© de la population du pays considĂ©rĂ©. Elle en constitue la principale cause dans les pays sous-dĂ©veloppĂ©s. Cependant cette prĂ©dominance des hydrocĂ©phalies post-infectieuses Ă tendance Ă sâattĂ©nuer, surtout chez le nourrisson avec un profil Ă©tiologique qui tend vers celui des pays dĂ©veloppĂ©s. Cette Ă©tude a pour objectif de dĂ©terminer les raisons de cette diminution.MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes Il sâagit dâune Ă©tude rĂ©trospective de 2004 Ă 2008, portant sur 91 nourrissons traitĂ©s pour hydrocĂ©phalie. Parmi eux, 42 avaient une origine post-mĂ©ningitique. Le diagnostic dâhydrocĂ©phalie post-mĂ©ningitique a Ă©tĂ©Â Ă©tabli sur les antĂ©cĂ©dents de mĂ©ningite, la bactĂ©riologie du LCR et sur lâimagerie (TDM, ETF).RĂ©sultats LâĂ©tiologie post-mĂ©ningitique reprĂ©sentait 46% des hydrocĂ©phalies. LâĂąge moyen Ă©tait de 7,6 mois. La couverture vaccinale optimale Ă©tait notĂ©e dans 7 cas. On notait une prĂ©dominance de la mĂ©ningite Ă Â heamophilus influenza avec une forte proportion des mĂ©ningites Ă bactĂ©riologie nĂ©gative (30 cas). Nous avons retrouvĂ© dans 32 cas une hydrocĂ©phalie tĂ©traventriculaire. A long terme, seuls 5 enfants ont eu un dĂ©veloppement psychomoteur satisfaisant.Conclusion LâĂ©tiologie post-mĂ©ningitique des hydrocĂ©phalies reste frĂ©quente en dĂ©pit des efforts entrepris dans le domaine de la prĂ©vention. Mais beaucoup de progrĂšs reste Ă faire dans son renforcement et dans la prise en charge prĂ©coce des mĂ©ningites
Réduction des coûts alimentaires des lapins (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) par la distribution de l'herbe de lait (Euphorbia heterophylla (L.) Klotz. & Garcke) associée à l'herbe de Guinée (Panicum maximum Jacq.) Lam...
Full French Title: RĂ©duction des coĂ»ts alimentaires des lapins (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) par la distribution de l'herbe de lait (Euphorbia heterophylla (L.) Klotz. & Garcke) associĂ©e Ă l'herbe de GuinĂ©e (Panicum maximum Jacq.) Lam. en Ă©levage semi-intensifObjectif: Le prĂ©sent travail vise Ă comparer l'effet de deux modes de supplĂ©mentation par Euphorbia heterophylla d'un rĂ©gime Ă base d'un aliment concentrĂ© sur les paramĂštres d'ingestion et de croissance des lapins et sur les charges alimentaires nĂ©cessaires Ă la production d'un kilogramme de carcasse.MĂ©thodologie et RĂ©sultats: Le premier mode (MOD1) a consistĂ© Ă supplĂ©menter le rĂ©gime tĂ©moin (MOD0) durant les trois mois de vie des lapins. Le second mode a consistĂ© Ă distribuer le supplĂ©ment seulement durant la phase dâengraissement de 30 jours (MOD2). Les poids et le rendement carcasse Ă 3 mois dâĂąge, Ă©taient de 2117,6±282 g, 1650,6±110,4 g et de 1693,2±116,9 g puis de 57,1±0,7%, 51,8±1,6% et de 56,8±1,2% respectivement pour MOD0, MOD1 et MOD2. MOD2 a induit un meilleur rendement carcasse des lapins (P<0,05). Cependant, MOD1 a induit une rĂ©duction de 26 % des charges alimentaires par rapport au MOD0.Conclusion et Application des rĂ©sultats: Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude permettent de conclure que Euphorbia heterophylla peut ĂȘtre recommandĂ©e comme supplĂ©ment alimentaire dans l'Ă©levage des lapins lorsqu'elle est disponible.Mots clĂ©s: Lapin, fourrage, Euphorbia heterophylla, Panicum maximum, croissance, carcasseEnglish Title: Reduction of rabbit food costs (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) by distribution of milkweed (Euphorbia heterophylla) associated to Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) Lam. in semi-intensive livestockEnglish AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two methods of supplementation by Euphorbia heterophylla of a commercial based feed on ingestion and growth parameters of rabbits and on food expenses for the production of a carcass kilogram.Methodology and Results: The first mode (MOD1) consisted in the supplementation of the control diet (MOD0) during the three months of life of the rabbits. In the second one, it consisted in the distribution of the supplement only during the final 30 days of fattening (MOD2). Body weight and carcass yield at 3 months of age, were 2117.6±282 g, 1650.6±110.4 g and 1693.2±116.9 g then 57.1±0.7%, 51.8±1.6% and 56.8±1.2% respectively for MOD0, MOD1 and MOD2. MOD2 induced a better carcass yield of rabbits (P<0.05). However, MOD1 induced 26% of reduction of food expenses compared to MOD0.Conclusions and Application of Results: This study indicated that Euphorbia heterophylla could be recommended as a dietary supplement where it is present.Keywords: Rabbit, feed, Euphorbia heterophylla, Panicum maximum, growth, carcas
Prise en charge de lâhematome extradural a Dakar. A propos de 40 cas
Introduction LâhĂ©matome extradural est une affection rare mais grave car engage rapidement le pronostic vital. Il sâagit dâune urgence thĂ©rapeutique nĂ©cessitant par consĂ©quent une prise en charge rapide.Objectif Lâobjectif de ce travail est dâĂ©valuer les aspects Ă©pidĂ©miologiques, diagnostiques et thĂ©rapeutiques de lâhĂ©matome extradural depuis lâavĂšnement du scanner dans notre pays.Patients et mĂ©thode Il sâagit dâune Ă©tude rĂ©trospective multicentrique rĂ©alisĂ©e dans quatre de nos hĂŽpitaux durant une pĂ©riode de huit ans, de juillet 1994 Ă juin 2002. Nous avons pu collecter 40 dossiers de patients traumatisĂ©s cranioencĂ©phaliques prĂ©sentant un hĂ©matome extradural Ă la tomodensitomĂ©trie cĂ©rĂ©brale.RĂ©sultats Sur 1296 patients ayant consultĂ© pour un traumatisme cranio-encĂ©phalique toute gravitĂ© confondue, 40 ont prĂ©sentĂ© un hĂ©matome extra dural soit 3,09%. Lâage moyen Ă©tait de 26.1 ans avec une frĂ©quence maximale entre 11 et 20 ans. Le sex. Ratio est de 9.1. Les accidents de la voie publique reprĂ©sentent lâĂ©tiologie la plus frĂ©quente avec 55% des cas. Le dĂ©lai de consultation est long avec une moyenne de 2 Ă 3 jours. Lâexamen clinique retrouve des signes dâhypertension intracrĂąnienne chez 87,5% des patients, un dĂ©ficit moteur chez 30% des patients, des troubles de la conscience dans 55% des cas. Les rĂ©sultats scannographiques ont montrĂ© une localisation temporo pariĂ©tale prĂ©dominante (72,5%) . 87,5% des patients ont bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© dâune prise en charge chirurgicale. LâĂ©volution est favorable dans 75% des cas. Nous avons notĂ© 20% de mortalitĂ©.Conclusion LâhĂ©matome extradural constitue lâurgence neurochirurgicale type. Son pronostic est bon si traitĂ© prĂ©cocement